The Program Motion Picture - 1728 Words

In the motion picture The Program begins with the fictional ESU college football team who just finished another losing season and now looking to address their needs. ESU head coach Sam Winters goes on a recruiting trip and meet’s with Darnell Jefferson a highly recruited running back who has already spoke with the University of Michigan. A college with an appealing football program and education, Darnell’s father tells coach Winters that he is worried about his education. Coach Winters invites Darnell to visit ESU which he accepts as the scene cuts to him arriving to the College on a lavish bus greeted with a the University cheerleaders cheering his name and the College band performing at his arrival. He is personally greeted by the ESU Quarterback Joe Kane who introduces to Darnell to a beautiful girl Autumn Haley who is his guide for his visit. While on his visit Autumn takes Darnell to the ESU Stadium known as the Wolfs Den with a PA Announcer who says â€Å"Now for the Starting lineup for the ESU Timberwolves number 20 Darnell Williams† as if he was already a part of the program and playing. After a long day of touring the college Darnell and Autumn part ways with a kiss, then cuts to Darnell making his National intent of attending ESU the coming fall. This visit has numerous violations of the NCAA rules the first [B.13.6.2.2.2] which states â€Å"The institution may not provide an automobile for use by the prospect† as he was brought to the university by the college bus and wasShow MoreRelatedEssay about Censorship1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe movie industry was so worried about keeping his or her audience happy and didn’t want to offend anyone. That we didn’t have the problems that we have today. In 1922, William H. Hays founded the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. This organization, which later became the Motion Picture Association of America, established a code to make sure that all movies produced in America followed certain moral standards. Foul language, nudity, the use of words that had sexual overtones toRead More Technology Film Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesmachine patented in the United States that showed animated pictures or movies. It was called the â€Å"wheel of lifeâ €  or â€Å"zoopraxiscope† and was patented in 1867 by William Lincoln. Moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit in the zoopraxiscope. However, modern motion picture making began with the invention of the motion picture camera. Frenchman Louis Lumiere is usually credited with the creation of the first motion picture camera in 1895, but several others were invented around theRead More Technology: The Evolution of Animation Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagesit is impossible not to think of Disney and their major motion pictures. The Shreck films, Finding Nemo, and Happy Feet, to name just some of the dozens of animated films Disney has produced, raked in million upon millions of dollars at the box office, and have been hit films with people in all age groups. Animation is a quick display of a sequence of 2-D images that give the illusion of movement. Attempts to create the simulation of motion can be traced back to cave drawings. Animals were drawnRead More Movie Piracy Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesdecide to either pick up a burned copy or download the movie off some illegal Internet site. This essay takes a look at the different forms of movie piracy and what different organizations, such as the MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America) and its international counterpart, MPA (Motion Picture Association), are doing to combat this illegal practice. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many different forms of piracy and can all affect the movie industry in various ways. The most common typeRead MoreWorker Classification : Interns, Employees, And Independent Contractors Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesInterns Eric Glatt, Alexander Footman, Kanene Gratts, and Eden Antalik filed an action against Fox Searchlight Pictures, Incorporated (FSP) and its parent company, Fox Entertainment Group, Incorporated (FEG) alleging that they were inaccurately classified as unpaid interns rather than paid employees (Glatt v. Fox Searchlight Pictures, Inc., 2013). The District Court granted the Defendant’s motion for summary judgment that Gratts’ action was filed beyond the statute of limitation, found that Glatt andRead MoreTelevision Is A Central Form Of Communication1708 Words   |  7 Pagesimage sending (Bellis1). Before the television films were born beginning in 1887, Thomas Edison patents the motion picture camera and 1888 he attempts to record picture photos onto a wax cylinder. Then between 1891 and 1895 Dickson shoot numerous 15 second motion picture using Edison’s kineograph, his motion picture camera. Later in 1895 was the first public demonstration of motion picture displ ayed in France (History of Television). During 1900, the word â€Å"television† was first used by Russian inventorRead MoreThe Brain And Different Disorders Involving Children1147 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavioral and developmental diagnosis.† â€Å"Studies of the brain structure in children and individuals with developmental disabilities†. Magnetic resonance imagining is a noninvasive procedure for studying the human brain and behavioral functions. Motion control is an essential key to the process of magnetic resonance. Some of the benefits of sedation are lower cost and speed effective. Operant techniques have shown studies of the brain structure in children and certain individuals with disabilitiesRead More Censorship Essay examples939 Words   |  4 Pagesrequired to go before a Film Board, before being produced. If approved the company was allowed to go on with production. In 1968 the Film Board of the Motion Picture Association of America adopted a new classification system. Instead of the scripts being read, the movies were made, rated by the Board and then put into a category. In 1968 the motion Pictures Association, the National Association of Theater Owners, and the International Film importers all gathered for a meeting about an organization calledRead More Special Effects Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages S pecial Effects Special effects in motion pictures has evolved over the years into an involved science of illusion and visual magic. The following is a comprehensive perspective depicting the rapidly expanding realm of cinematography. In times of old, special effects in movies was limited to an individuals creativity and the constrictive limits of the tools available. However the results of early special effects masters astounded audiences in their age in the same manner that modernRead MoreThe U.S. Media And Entertainment Industry Is Comprised1157 Words   |  5 PagesThe U.S. media and entertainment industry is comprised of businesses that produce and distribute motion pictures, television programs and commercials along with streaming content, music and audio recordings, broadcast, radio, book publishing, and video games. The U.S. Music and entertainment market, which represents a third of the global industry, and is the largest music and entertainment market globally. The market is expected to reach $771 billion by 2019, up from $632 billion in 2015, according

God s Holiness And Illustration Of Holy Justice - 1377 Words

Towards a Definition of God’s Holiness Illustration of Holy Justice Erika Dickerson PM101B: Spiritual Life September 5, 2014 Throughout biblical narratives, God reveals a host of â€Å"attributes,† which I call perfections, about His divine nature, character, and function. At the center of God’s distinct, wholly unified qualities is holiness: the fundamental tenant underscored in other perfections like justice and grace. The etymological derivation of the Hebrew word (× §Ã—“ט) meaning, â€Å"to be holy† is qud, or â€Å"to cut or separate.† Anderson proposes that God’s holiness is revealed to us in Genesis 1:1-2 where He is distinct from the unshaped, chaotic earth but hovers â€Å"over the surface of waters.† The text reveals a positional understanding of God in relation to His creation; God is separate from nature and (wo)mankind. As Dyrness suggests, this separation disproves Near Eastern notions that holiness was entwined with nature since holiness existed before humans ever experienced it and is primarily linked to God and â€Å"bursts forth into the earth,† conveyed through people and places secondarily and only by His authority. Gentry sums up the ideas of Anderson and Dyrness in explaining that God’s holiness translates to â€Å"(absolute moral) purity and transcendence† but goes further to argue that the distance between God and creation does not imply inaccessibility, but a call to consecration and devotion, which makes God’s holiness, as AndersonShow MoreRelatedSummary Of A World Full Of Sin 3360 Words   |  14 Pagesin a world full of sin means that we do not deserve to experience the Kingdom of God, but with the Love of Christ and putting our faith in Christ we can dwell in the presence of God. Nothing we do can separate us from God and His love for us if we believe in Him. 2. Structural Analysis I. Faith Triumphs (5:1-21) II. The New Life in Christ (6:1-14) III. From Slaves of Sin to Slaves of God (6:15-23) IV. An Illustration from Marriage (7:1-25) V. The Life-Giving Spirit (8:1-30) VI. The Believer’s TriumphRead MoreThe Debate Of Wisdom Literature2468 Words   |  10 Pagescoming from God, and unlike the prophets, who claim to speak the ‘word of the Lord’, on God’s behalf, wisdom does not purport to be truth (Borg: 2001:148). The conventional world-view of some wisdom writings is that righteousness leads to an ordered universe. Wisdom literature comes in two major categories: Proverbial wisdom consisting of short, succinct sayings which provide basic rules for personal happiness and welfare. The book of Proverbs is a classic example of this within Holy Scripture.Read MoreThe Between Wisdom, Righteousness And Religious Devotion2462 Words   |  10 Pagesthe laws of the Pentateuch, which were proposed in coming from God, and unlike the prophets, who claim to speak the ‘word of the Lord’, on God’s behalf, this wisdom does not purpose to be truth (Borg: 2001:148). Wisdom literature comes in two major categories: Proverbial wisdom consisting of short, succinct sayings which provide basic rules for personal happiness and welfare. The book of Proverbs is a classic example of this within Holy Scripture. Speculative wisdom consists of monologues (e.g. Ecclesiastes)Read MoreA Great Leader - The Messiah5208 Words   |  21 Pagesrevelation is necessary for understanding messianic prophecy. Behold, I have given him for a witness to the people, a leader and commander to the people (Isiah 55:4) . It can be cross-referenced with Ezekiel 34:24, â€Å"And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince among them; I the LORD has spoken it and Revelation 1:5 and from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washedRead MoreLiberty University Bibl 323 John Module 6 Notes Essay9463 Words   |  38 PagesI. Question One: Where are you going? (13:36; 14:1–4). â€Å"Simon Peter asked him, ‘Lord, where are you going?’ Jesus replied, ‘Where I am going, you cannot follow now, but you will follow later. Do not let your hearts be troubled. Trust in God; trust also in me. In my Father’s house are many rooms; if it were not so, I would have told you. I am going there to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may Read MoreBiblical Models of Servant Leadership13223 Words   |  53 Pages THE NEED: BIBILICAL MODELS OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP Introduction There are basic attitudes which we see in the lives of those whom God called to servant leadership in the Bible. These include a serving attitude where the leader sees his[1] primary responsibility to those whom he leads as to serve and develop them to fulfill their God-given mandate. The leader serves by putting on a redeeming attitude, like Moses and Joshua. In other words he takes responsibility for those he leads

Dear Alexandros free essay sample

In this short tale, Updike conveys the difference between lifestyles in the western and northern hemispheres, as well as the innocence of youth, the strain of adulthood, and the therapeutical effect the act of simply writing a letter can have on a man during a point of difficult transition in his life. The first letter is written to Mr and Mrs Bentley by Alexandros, a Greek boy residing with his Grandmother and sister. In his letter, Alexandros expresses his gratitude and adoration towards the Bentleys, as well as his concern for them, given the span of time between each letter. I was looking forward again this month to receiving a letter from you, but unfortunately I have again not received one. So I am worried about you, for I am longing to hear about you, dear American Parents. You show such a great interest in me, and every month I receive your help. † (Updike, 55. ) Alexandros lives a happy, simple life, mentioning to his American Parents that he is on school vacation, and that he is spending his time at the beach with his friends. The letter is short and sweet, expresses his gratitude and urges his American Parents to continue their correspondence. Mr Kenneth Bentley, American Parent #10,638, sends the second letter – a reply to Alexandros – from New York City. After a brief greeting and reply to the boy, Kenneth promptly confesses, â€Å"Mrs Bentley and I no longer live together. I had not intended to tell you this but now the sentence is typed and I see no harm in it. † (56). The man attempts to move on from the topic numerous times throughout his letter, however he continues to return to the concern of his separation, setting the tone for the remainder of his message. He shows a great deal of respect for the boy and describes his surroundings in a simple, but sweet regard â€Å"The sad little trees along the somewhat sad little street where I live now are turning yellow †¦ The pretty girls that walk along the main streets are putting on hats again †¦ [the] streets run north and south so that there is usually a sunny side and a shady side and now people cross the street to be on the sunny side because the sun is no longer too warm. † (55) which, given the nature of the boy, one can only assume is met with great excitement and wonder. Although Kenneth seems to maintain an amicable relationship with his family, he returns to the topic more than once in this letter. This appears to be a way for the American Parent to ensure that Alexandros knows that although his adoptive parents are no longer together, he is still a big part of their lives and their involvement in his will by no means diminish. He delivers this affirmation with ease; as if it is a statement he is well versed in, given the age and inevitable confusion of his two children. †¦ Mrs Bentley and Amanda and Richard and I were very happy and to a degree are yet †¦ We will continue to send you the money for which you say you are grateful †¦ I know that [Mrs Bentley] loves you very much †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (56). He speaks fondly of his children at home, regaling that â€Å"Amanda now is starting kindergarten and was very excited and will never wear dungarees or overalls anymore because she insists on wearing dresses because that is what makes girl s look nice, she thinks. and that â€Å"Richard walks very well now and does not like his sister teasing him. † (56). Kenneth seems to truly enjoy his correspondence with Alexandros. Although the letter from the boy is only short, it is possible that the two characters have had more compelling exchanges in the past. Another possibility is that Kenneth simply finds the act of writing down his thoughts and feelings therapeutical, much like a diary or journal. Perhaps his letters have been short and to the point in the past, and it is only now that he is independent that he feels free to share intimate details of his every-day life such as â€Å"Now I must end, for I have agreed to take a young woman out to dinner †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (57). This story appears to suggest that the difference in every day life between the two characters is that a man with wealth owns his life, while a poor man may not. This is not to say that the poor man is at a disadvantage, rather that a man or boy with less power may not feel as much pressure to strive or the perfect life. He makes do with what he has, and as a result lives a happier and simpler life. Updike has written this allegory to criticise the American society in the Twentieth Century and shine light on the modest that Alexandros lives. These two narrators are capricious, as their words are biased by what ever mood they happened to be in at the time they were written. More specifically, Alexandros may n ot write about the dreadful situations that he faces daily, simply because he finds it unnecessary to burden his correspondent with. Kenneth may well be struggling with his new life as well, but prefers only to reveal highlights as to keep the spirits of his adopted son high. Of course, the fact that Kenneth can afford to support a boy like Alexandros even after his divorce insinuates that perhaps he has the better life. Updike has utilised this exchange of letters as a means to present his allegory. The reader can easily relate to either character, however their feelings towards their respective predicaments remain ambiguous. This is a prime example of the advantage first person narration allows to the reader; the ability to interpret the text in whichever way they feel they can relate to the most. In conclusion, â€Å"Dear Alexandros† presents the readers with the chance to apply the meaning behind this story to their own life, a chance to ponder an ultimately indefinite answer to the meaning of a â€Å"better† life. Bibliography Updike, John. ‘Dear Alexandros. ’ 1959. EL1100:03 Subject Reader. Townsville: School of Humanities, James Cook U, 2013. 55-57.

Juvenile Corrections System

Table of Contents Introduction Background Information Juvenile Correction System Reasons for Juvenile Correction System Correctional Measures for Juveniles Conclusion Reference List Introduction Juvenile correction system is under the juvenile justice system which is a network of organizations that handle young people whose behavior violates the law. The initial intent of the juvenile correction system was to correct a bad condition among young offenders and in so doing meet the community obligations towards the young people.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Juvenile Corrections System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The system dictates that youths have a right to be treated fairly under the law, for instance, they should have the right to be notified of charges concerning them, the right to acquire legal guidance, and the right to get a record of the proceedings. Background Information It was not un til the 1880s that the juvenile corrections system came into existence. Juvenile offenders were earlier confined in adult prisons since there were no juvenile institutions. The cruel and harsh conditions in the adults’ prisons led to the idea of establishment of institutions and courts that would deal with young offenders. The early institutions were industrial schools that aimed at protecting the young offenders from getting negative influences in the adult facilities that would worsen their conditions other than rectifying them. The schools worked on the basis of rehabilitating the offenders through hard work and instilling discipline. The first institution was the New York house of refuge founded in 1825 and others were established later in different countries. The cottage system was later developed where juvenile offenders were housed in cottages and some parents were held responsible for running the cottages to create a home atmosphere so that the rehabilitation would ta ke place in a more conducive environment. There were various reforms in the running of the institutions as years went by and the first juvenile court was set up in 1899. Today, most juveniles are housed in public institutions governed by state agencies (Siegel and Welsh, 2008). Juvenile Correction System The main objective of the juvenile justice system is to promote a system that is competent in handling the problem of juvenile delinquency, protecting the society, enhancing accountability for infringement of law and providing juvenile offenders with competencies to live in a responsible and productive manner. Juvenile correction system utilizes a case management system in the process of handling a youth offender, from the time the offender comes to the juvenile correction institute to correctional supervision which is usually the last stage. The system aims at rectifying a youth’s behavior so that he or she is acceptable to the society. It evaluates a person’s needs a nd problems and helps assist him or her come back to the acceptable practices of the society.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The case management system works on the principle of individual case plan which constitutes the goals, the objectives to be met for attainment of the goals, and the tasks that an individual youth should be assigned, progress summary that shows the behavior, challenges and successes in correcting the youth and program activity documentation to be used to make changes in the establishment of the goals and objectives of the system in future. Juvenile correction system aims at preventing juveniles from committing any legal crimes in future. Parents should help in bringing up responsible children to avoid or minimize cases of violation of law by the children. They should, for instance, set good examples to the children and be keen in the growth and devel opment of the children and identify, discuss and solve any problems that they may be facing, show love to the children to avoid cases of low self esteem, avoid any abuse, physical or emotional, to the children, maintain a good family environment free from violence, and encourage good behavior by rewarding them when they follow rules and punishing them for wrong doings (Siegel and Welsh, 2008). Reasons for Juvenile Correction System The need for juvenile correction system is mainly because the juvenile offenders are different from the adult offenders. The juveniles, for instance, can easily change after undergoing treatment programs as compared to adults since they do not commit severe criminal activities and are not exposed to very bad peer pressure. They also have lower rates of committing offences and in most cases they do not commit other crimes after the rehabilitation. The juveniles also need the presence of their family members such as parents to aid in their rehabilitation pr ocess as opposed to adults who are independent. It also avoids bad influence that could occur if they were placed together with adult offenders (Clear, Cole, Reisig 2008). Correctional Measures for Juveniles There are different correctional measures provided to the juvenile offenders. They include; general counseling, religious counseling, educational and vocational training, medical and recreational programs. All these are aimed at rehabilitating the offenders. The measures vary from one institution to another due to the availability of facilities and qualified personnel to carry out the rehabilitation processes (Krisberg, 2005). Conclusion Juvenile correction system is essential in correcting the behaviors of young people through rehabilitation so as to avoid future criminal cases. The correction measures should be carried in a manner that will teach the juveniles the effects of crime and the importance of operating in accordance to the law and should not be a form of punishment since this could lead to rebellious actions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Juvenile Corrections System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Clear, R.T, Cole, F.G., Reisig, D.M. (2008). American Corrections. 8th Ed. New York: Cengage Learning. Krisberg, B. (2005). Juvenile Justice: Redeeming Our Children. London: Sage Publications. Siegel, J.L., Welsh, C.B. (2008).Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. 10th Ed. New York: Cengage Learning. This research paper on Juvenile Corrections System was written and submitted by user Markus Boyle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Treasurer Election Essay Essays

Treasurer Election Essay Essays Treasurer Election Essay Essay Treasurer Election Essay Essay I understand many of you are just voting for whoever is youre friend, or maybe who you know better. I ask you to please just listen to everyones speech as if you didnt know anyone personally. I would love to help out the school in many ways. One thing I would like to help out with is the lunchroom arrangements. It would be fun to eat outside; I think it would be nice because after being stuffed up in a classroom, to Just go outside, have some fresh air, and hang out with youre friends while eating lunch. I would also Like to see the student body more Involved In dances and decorations. I understand that only the students on the student council really have the choice on what the dance theme Is, and what decorations to buy. I have learned that the middle school athletics needs some new uniforms. I will try to put some money Into the athletic uniforms. Also I think there should be more of an Involvement in the middle school games. It would be fun If we could award the middle school student who goes to the most middle school games by giving them a rice, like the high school, it would give the students more school spirit. I also would love our school to get more active in the community. It would be great if our school could have some events that will raise money not only for the community, but for our school. If the middle school could award the highest grade point average every month by giving that person an out of uniform day, or 5 extra points on a quiz or test of their choice, I think it would give more students a push to do better in school. I think we should make more of an effort to increase the art programs in our school. Maybe a talent show, or an arts show, so we can showcase what everyone can do. Of course there would be guidelines, but it would be so fun. I think would be nice is to have a day every other week or maybe every week, where all middle school can dress up. Last year we had a twin day, I loved that, but we only got it once. It would be great if we got fun theme days like that more often. Every candidate did a really good Job at their campaign, and let the best person for treasurer win.

Introduction to Pronouncing the French Alphabet

Introduction to Pronouncing the French Alphabet French pronunciation can be one of the more difficult aspects of learning French, especially for English speakers, but with time and practice, it is definitely possible to develop a good French accent. It important to do so eventually.  In French, pronunciation is a very big deal.  Phonetics, the system and study of sounds uttered in speaking  a language, in short, the way a language is pronounced, is taught in every language school serving foreigners. Students are drilled in opening their mouth, pursing their lips, hitting the roof of their mouth precisely with their tongue and other techniques involved in speaking French correctly.   Consonants and Vowels The French alphabet has the same 26 letters as the English alphabet does, but of course, most of the letters are pronounced differently in the two languages. In addition, French has five accents: four for vowels and one for a consonant, which English, of course, does not have. Vowels are the most problematic for non-native speakers, especially speakers of Germanic languages like English and German, who do not use the muscles in their face and mouth as much as the French. In the table below, start at the top with the links to pronunciation guides for French consonants and  French vowels.   Links to Detailed Letter Pages Then click on the capital letters in the table below and youll move on to the letter pages, each of which offers a detailed description of the pronunciation of that letter, including letter combinations, numerous examples and information about the accents that may be used with that letter. For each letter, note the rules governing its pronunciation, and follow them. When you are comfortable with pronouncing letters, proceed to the French Audio Guide, which illustrates with sound files, rules of the road and examples how to pronounce 2,500 French words and expressions. Remember that there is only so much you can do to improve your pronunciation on your own. At some point, you will almost certainly need to take a class, go to France  or hire a private tutor. Online pronunciation lessons like these can never take the place of interaction with native or fluent speakers, but at least they can help you get started or supplement what youve already learned. Allez-y! Pronounce the French Alphabet Consonants  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vowels ​ A  Ã‚  B  Ã‚  C  Ã‚  D  Ã‚  E  Ã‚  F  Ã‚  G  Ã‚  H  Ã‚  I  Ã‚  J  Ã‚  K  Ã‚  L  Ã‚  M  Ã‚  N  Ã‚  O  Ã‚  P  Ã‚  Q  Ã‚  R  Ã‚  S  Ã‚  T  Ã‚  U  Ã‚  V  Ã‚  W  Ã‚  X  Ã‚  Y  Ã‚  Z

The Harm of Legalizing Marijuana Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Harm of Legalizing Marijuana - Term Paper Example They did not support a full fledged campaign to take Marijuana out of the criminal code but wanted to persuade other medical doctors to illustrate empathy for those patients who would be assisted from the smoking of Marijuana (Gray, 1998). In recent times also, massive spending had been made over the fact of legalizing Marijuana as a source of medicine. Police also made several attempts for the same (Medical Marijuana Group is Big Spender, 2004). As per author Jacob & Jacob, the usefulness of Marijuana is far more than its evil effects. He weighted his argument by saying that Marijuana could be used as a harmless substance and it did not encourage any crime. He stressed that the usefulness of the drug was immense and should be promoted in good spirits in life rather than legalizing it (Jacob & Jacob, 2009, pp. 43-130). Even though many people believe and stress upon the fact that Marijuana is harmless, Marijuana should remain within the illicit category of the controlled Substances A ct because medical use is unfounded and crime would become more pervasive. Harmful effects and arguments against legalization of Marijuana Few people exert importance over the usefulness of Marijuana and hold the view of legalization of the same without any reservation in the Control Substances Act. But the larger mass opposes the view and finds it harmful on the societal grounds. As per than the use of Marijuana is fatal and can encourage more crimes. So as pre them it is better to not to legalize the consumption of Marijuana in any way. Marijuana comes with several deadly effects on personal grounds of the life of any victims. Everyone responds in a different way towards the consumption of Marijuana. Most... The research paper studies the influence of marijuana intake on human's body. The above analysis contributes towards the fact that marijuana is not directly fatal does not indicate that it does not possess any acute risk. The fact that advocate and opponents characterized themselves on the right side of the equation respectively, suggested us that what is at stake is specifically the meaning of rationality. Eminent personalities had debated over the medicinal usefulness of marijuana. The court law considered the intake of marijuana as a source of medicine to be legal. Few other doctors emphasized over the fact that the medicine should be legalized as it served as the source to combat against fatal diseases like AIDS. Since 1960’s marijuana had been classified as the schedule drug which in turn hindered the researches of the scientists to determine whether the attributes were true in nature. The legal status of marijuana had endowed along with mystical properties which was harmful on the societal pretext. The usage of marijuana has also accounted for the several crimes and the same drug continue to be available to the common mass, then the degradation of the public health and that of the society would not be very far. The entire approaches made so far regarding the legalization had been unhelpful and exerted a negative effect. The courts and state legislature should answer these troublesome issues and take necessary steps to reconcile the conflicting issues and should not go for the legalization of the peril drug.

Trafficking and Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Trafficking and Prostitution - Essay Example Slogans like â€Å"personal or political† not only helped in showing expression about women inequality in daily experiences but such analysis opened the entirety of personal life to a political analysis, so that, logically, major emphases within feminism were issues of sexuality and intimate relationships. (Irvine, 1990, p. 136) Despite over two decades of an international women’s movement, feminist debates upon prostitutes never end. Though feminists have been successful in providing an account of this dilemma that has categorized the debate in two broad categories, ‘free sex’ and ‘forced sex’ but how such an all-purpose dilemma which is problematic at every instance can fulfil the deviant that is played in many societies? The outcome of such ‘feminist’ perspective is nothing but that the end of the moral career being subjected to extraordinary public regulations. Situations aftermath end up in ghettoization, arrest, jail or prison sentencing, fines, ridicule, shaming, shunning, and deportation. Additionally, prostitutes are frequently the victims of violent crime raped and beaten by clients or pimps and murdered by unknown serial killers. Feminist philosophy is a subject which has acquired much attention in the past decades regarding speculative arguments and practical politics. It is us who create and visualize differences, differences based upon characters and differences that emerge as if woman is entitled to a separate class. Despite these differences, feminist philosophers are able to gather and unite woman in a single perspective which in the vision of a philosophical mind is free of the misogyny and male bias that have characterized so much of Western philosophical tradition. Feminist philosophy’s challenge to this tradition has been the challenge of repairing the distortions, centring the marginalization, and valorizing what were once considered the trivial, if not invisible, facets of

Students Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Students Responsibility Essay Before the students start attending college they have to understand that college isnt for everyone. In many major colleges the students could be droped out. One of the ways they could be droped out is if they happen to fail all too many courses in a semester. In the memoir called Unafraid of the Dark by Rosemary Bary. Rosemary who was attending Yale university and was very proud of it, had failed three out of four of the classes that she was taking. According to the Yale university rules three failures result in a automatic drop out. She should have been drop out, but she was saved by her dean who was very wise man and made a deal with 2 of her professors who failed her. He asked the professors to give her a passing grade if she turns in a 6 page report to both of them. She was very happy and excited about the secound chance the dean has give her. She had no excuse of failing the classes, because she had a lot of time, she wasnt bothered by anyone, and didnt have nothing else to do, except work as a part-time baby sitter. She couldnt have blame anyone, but herself, not even her professors. In her secound semester she became more focused, organized, and hard working , as a result she managed to raise her GPA very high and was heading on the right track. Rosemary is just one example of a student who realized how serious a university could be. I am sure that there are many university students who face the same kind of challenges. In the first week of the first semester the student have to realize that they have to be worried more about their academic problems and problems that they face in life. If they dont take their life seriously they wouldnt live a productive life.

Single Slit Diffraction Pattern of Light :: Mathematics Math

Missing Figures SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF LIGHT The diffraction pattern observed with light and a small slit comes up in about every high school and first year university general physics class. The intention of this paper is to explain this pattern at the academic level mentioned above. Light is interesting and mysterious because it consists of both a beam of particles, and of waves in motion. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY: All carriers of energy and momentum, such as light and electrons, propagate like a wave and exchange energy like a particle. It wasn't until the 19th century that convincing evidence was found showing that light behaves like waves. Before reading on, you may wish to review some wave terminology. The key to understanding why light behaves like waves is in INTERFERENCE and DIFFRACTION. Interference and Diffraction are the phenomena that distinguish waves from particles: waves interfere and diffract, particles do not. Light bends around obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single slit diffraction pattern. Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern: * The slit size is small, relative to the wavelength of light. * The screen is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below). This is possible because the slit is narrow. point1 Consider a slit of width a, light of wavelength l, and a smaller than l. When the light encounters the slit, the pattern of the resulting wave can be calculated by treating each point in the aperature as a point source from which new waves spread out. pointb Let L represent the distance between the slit and the screen. Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen. point2 The top part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page). Below the pattern is an intensity bar graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T. Single Slit Diffraction Pattern of Light :: Mathematics Math Missing Figures SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF LIGHT The diffraction pattern observed with light and a small slit comes up in about every high school and first year university general physics class. The intention of this paper is to explain this pattern at the academic level mentioned above. Light is interesting and mysterious because it consists of both a beam of particles, and of waves in motion. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY: All carriers of energy and momentum, such as light and electrons, propagate like a wave and exchange energy like a particle. It wasn't until the 19th century that convincing evidence was found showing that light behaves like waves. Before reading on, you may wish to review some wave terminology. The key to understanding why light behaves like waves is in INTERFERENCE and DIFFRACTION. Interference and Diffraction are the phenomena that distinguish waves from particles: waves interfere and diffract, particles do not. Light bends around obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single slit diffraction pattern. Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern: * The slit size is small, relative to the wavelength of light. * The screen is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below). This is possible because the slit is narrow. point1 Consider a slit of width a, light of wavelength l, and a smaller than l. When the light encounters the slit, the pattern of the resulting wave can be calculated by treating each point in the aperature as a point source from which new waves spread out. pointb Let L represent the distance between the slit and the screen. Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen. point2 The top part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page). Below the pattern is an intensity bar graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T.

History of Sport Essay

The effect of sports on today’s world, particularly in the United States, is indeed profound. The history of sport has the potential to teach us a great deal about social changes and the nature of sport itself. Over the past twenty-five years or so, the field of history has expanded, embracing a broader view of historical topics and going far beyond political and military history in refiguring the historical paths of this and other nations (Nelson). Throughout the many years during the Pre-Colonial era, Colonial era, Industrial Revolution, Post Civil War, and the Twentieth Century, the sports industry was created with several factors affecting its formation. The Pre-Colonial era consisted of the time prior to 1500’s. During this time in North America, the land had been consumed by the Native Americans and their culture. Population was spreading widely across the continent. The people of this era were found to be genuine and quiet. Daily activities such as hunting, farming, running, and warfare slowly turned into more of physical activity and competitive games for leisure. Recreational play was seen as an outlet. Physical activity and games, more often than not, were linked to spiritual beliefs. Staying â€Å"fit† was essential. Common sports known during pre-colonial time were lacrosse, archery, and running. Colonial America started with the Puritans bombarding America during 1600-1800 A. D. to break away from the churches, religions, and beliefs. The Puritans were found to be extremely hard working which was a result from the motivation of staying alive. The Puritans were also widely known (and still to this day) of being very religiously involved. Games were considered to be â€Å"wicked† or sinful; such as gambling and drinking. Aside from the Puritans, sport marketing started to make an appearance during the Colonial era, leading to the growth of interest and participation in sports. Tavern owners were the first known sport marketers on record. Taverns would announce games and sport through posters and word of mouth. During this time the common sports were found to fit the lifestyle and culture; such as horse racing, running, arm wrestling, rifle, cockfighting, and boxing. Colonial America was the start to our sporting industry. The Technological & Industrial Revolution occurred along with the Post Civil War era during 1800-1900. Throughout these one hundred years the sport industry was growing rapidly along with technology, factories, immigration, companies, and educational systems. Due to the growth in technology and factories, citizens had more time and more money; therefore recreation was used to fill downtime causing our sport industry to grow further. Faster modes of travel started to develop and be more convenient, helping organized sports form. Immigrants added to the industry by introducing their sports to America as well. Modern spectator sports were on a rise such as boxing, running, and horse racing. However, the Civil War era negatively affected sports by slowing sport activities due to the lack of men and overall population in society. Once men started leaving for war more and more women took jobs that had once belonged to men, which was a huge impact on society as this was the first sign of equality between men and women (Nelson). The working structure was seen as â€Å"feminizing† society, sports helped to â€Å"masculine† society. Wealth was on the rise after the war forcing sports to become very class specific, and the upper class tried to exclude lower classes; Class and race were a deciding factor for accepted participation in sports. The first known organized sports team; New York Knickerbockers’ were a baseball club created in the 1840’s and Intercollegiate Athletics first event occurred in 1852, Harvard and Yale competed in a rowing contest. Society was soon hooked on sports. The era of Twentieth Century made the most dramatic century of growth yet for the sports industry. Sports became part of our educational system as organizations formed to work together creating codifications for different sports, improving equipment, and increasing social involvement. Sports were taken to a very serious level in the early 1900’s. In 1904 the NCAA was founded to hold conferences, regulate rules along with player eligibility, and made coaches from educators. Competitive sports led to changes in our educational system when it established physical education positions. These positions forced research into sports because of the need for better and newer physical education curriculum. At first, Females were allowed to be involved in sports at a noncompetitive level or to promote health. The participation of women in sports grew over time however, with society being the critical factor. Upper-class and middle-class women were absolutely restricted from playing sports as it was thought to not be â€Å"proper. † The National Football League was created in 1911 which turned out to be a major step in the development of sports as entertainment. In 1941 society’s values of class, sex, and race was evident when Joe Namath signed a contract for $400,000 while Curt Flood, a slave had a salary of nothing. In 1972, Title Nine was put into act guaranteeing no discrimination regarding sex for sport institutions. Transportation was even more advanced helping organized sports teams compete against one another. Television and newspapers impacted sports by airing sporting events, criticizing and critiquing each play, as well as displaying the opinion of the program broadcasters. The most popular, known, and leading sports network ESPN aired its first national NFL broadcast in 1987 (Giordano). ESPN started offering magazines, national sports radio, and satellite radio in 1992 in attempt to curve the educational desire of the sporting society. ESPN changed the culture of sports. The history of sport is most likely as old as the existence of man. Physical activity, games, and daily activities contributed to the creation of organized sports with codification. Throughout the many years during the Pre-Colonial era, Colonial era, Industrial Revolution, Post Civil War, and the Twentieth Century, the sports industry has proved several, very different, and unexpected factors affecting its formation. The sports industry is continuing to grow rapidly year after year, changing with society’s values and lifestyle. Works Citied Giordano , Peter. â€Å"The Evolution of ESPN. † SOP: News, Interviews, & More.. (2007): n. page. Web. 14 Sep. 2011. . Kindred. â€Å"Century is over†¦ get the lights. † Sporting News 224. 1 (2000): 63. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Sept. 2011. McClung, Lisa R. , and Nancy E. Spencer. â€Å"Women and Sport in the 1990s: Reflections on ‘Embracing Stars, Ignoring Players. ‘. † Journal of Sport Management 15. 4 (2001): 318. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Sept. 2011. Nelson, Murry. â€Å"Sports History as a Vehicle for Social and Cultural Understanding in American History. † Social Studies 96. 3 (2005): 118-125. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 13 Sept. 2011.

Low Carbon Emission Family Hatchback Development Engineering Essay

In this quickly developing universe, the chief menace that is being faced is on fossil fuel. As every twelvemonth base on balls by, the sum of fuels used are traveling up the grade of the old old ages. If this rate keeps increasing, the dodo fuels will be wholly depleted to a province that these fossil fuels will merely be known in names and due to the increased usage of these fuels have led to the all sorts of pollution. In the recent survey, it was proved that automotive Fieldss are one with the greater ingestion and fouling rate compared to other Fieldss utilizing fossil fuels. And, one of those pollution jeopardies is addition in C footmark, which is the entire sum nursery gases produced. In order to confront the approaching menace, a new construct has been developed which would cut down the ingestion of fossil fuels and pollution jeopardies. A construct of an electric auto with lower limit or zero emanation and eco friendly characteristics accommodating to the nature protection is to be developed. 1.0 Purposes: To develop, a construct on a household hatch back vehicle with low C emanation which is powered by electricity and designed for an urban thrust rhythm with aid of quality map deployment ( QFD ) 1.1 Aim: To make proficient research in order to go cognizant of current developments in the market ; To fix a specification for a low C vehicle ; To develop several constructs ; To choose one construct utilizing QFD ; To fix a Gantt chart for the construct development stage of the undertaking. 1.3 SPECIFICATIONS OF THE VEHICLE: Table 1.3.1 is the Final specification of the LCV. Further study will explicate how these specifications were finalised. Length 3650mm Width 1550mm Height 1450mm Wheelbase 2650mm Minimum land clearance 170mm Seating capacity 5 people Kerb weight 1200kg Max loaded weight 1550kg Battery Lithium ion, 1000 rhythms Rated power 80kW Maximum torsion 448Nm Scope 120 stat mis minimum under normal urban conditions Human body frame Aluminium honey comb1.0 Conceptual Approach:QFD for Electric Vehicle:Table 1.1.1 is the QFD of the whole vehicle. The relation between Controllable parametric quantities and Customers & A ; Stake holders demands has be rated consequently, where 9-strongest, 3-moderate, 1-weak, and 0-no relation. This gives an thought on which governable parametric quantity we will hold to work more. The parametric quantities Battery ( 342 ) , Energy Storage Capacity ( 268 ) , Drive Motor ( 231 ) , Wear Resistance ( 239 ) , Price ( 303 ) shows maximal absolute importance, hence, choice process will be carried on, while giving maximal precedence to these parametric quantities.1.2 Fish Bone:The Fish Bone diagram shows a mode in which over aims will be achieved.Gantt chart of Concept Phase:Practically talking, Concept stage may take 2 to 3 old ages to finish. Chart 1.2.1 is our basic Concept Phase Gantt Chart demoing how a construct of a undertaking is developed ; if we were suppose to make a existent paradigm.1.4 Gantt chart of the Group Time Plan:Chart 1.4.1 shows clip planning of the group to execute different undertakings by group members. Therefore, from the Gantt chart now we know that which undertakings are over lapping the other undertakings ( blue in coloring material ) , and which undertakings start at the terminal of peculiar undertakings ( ruddy in coloring material ) .2.0 Batteries:Batteries are one of the most of import things, when it comes to an electric vehicle, as they are merely beginning of energy. Hence, choice of proper batteries plays an of import function for the operation of all the systems in an electric vehicle. This subdivision will cover some thoughts, which were used for choice of our batteries.2.1 Selection Procedure:Basic thing to get down with was to look into the demands, harmonizing to the market needs. Table 2.1.1 shows demands of EV batteries depending on different features and parametric quantities, adopted by USABC ( United States Advanced Battery Consortium ) . Battery Requirements as per USABC: Table 2.1.1 ( Anderman, Fritz, & A ; MacArthur, 2000 ) In our instance we will be sing demands related to long term. Further choice process will be more or less based on these demands.2.2 Available Electric Vehicle Batteries:A. Nickel Metal Hydride:Nickel Metal Hydride batteries passed assorted bench trials and were best among other campaigners for electric vehicle batteries. They were about capable of giving a calendar life of about 10 old ages. But disadvantages of utilizing Nickel Metal Hydride was that they are holding really low specific energy 60 to 80Wh/kg and therefore a lower scope for the vehicle to run in individual charge. For acquiring higher driving range the size of the batteries will hold to be increased and finally the weight besides increases.B. Lithium ion:And where the Nickel Metal Hydride batteries were neglecting Lithium ion passed, hence they were with every good belongingss of Nickel Metal Hydride and some more advantages. Lithium ion became more suited option to be used for electric vehicle batteries and as they have specific energy runing up to 450Wh/kg and better specific power. Most of the present and approaching electric vehicles are utilizing Lithium ion engineering.C. Lithium Polymer:Lithium polymer shows the potency of being cheaper than Lithium ion and Nickel Metal Hydrides batteries as cost of active stuffs is low in its instance. Besides holding higher specific energy about 650Wh/kg. But, still the procedure of fabricating these batteries is really complicated along with high cost electrolyte. Besides the working temperatures of these batteries restrict them from being a better option ( Delucchi & A ; Lipman, 2001 ) . Hence, the most executable option is the Lithium ion ( Table 2.2.1 ) . Features Nickel Metal Hydride Lithium Ion Lithium Polymer Specific Energy ( Wh/kg ) 60 to 80 150 to 450 Up to 650 Specific Power ( W/kg ) 150 to 200 150 to 800 300 Cycles ( 100 % DoD to 80 % of initial capacity ) 600 600 to 1000 200 to 600 Nominal Capacity ( Ah ) 90 100 to 180 50 to 120 Table 2.2.1 Characteristics Table ( Anderman, Fritz, & A ; MacArthur, 2000 )2.3 Selected Lithium Ion:QFD chart for batteries:Chart 2.3.1 Battery QFDOur battery Requirements and QFD chart gives a clear thought that Lithium ion battery is better than Nickel metal Hydride and Lithium polymer. Besides, from the QFD chart it is really much clear that, Battery Size ( 291 ) , Product Life ( 156 ) , Price ( 116 ) , Durability ( 115 ) , and Charging Speed ( 105 ) , have maximum absolute importance and comparative importance. Hence, for make up one's minding the concluding specifications of the batteries these parametric quantities will be given more importance as compared to others.2.4 Trade Offs Among Different Lithium Ion Battery Technologies:Lithium ion itself has many different types of discrepancies or different battery engineerings in it, therefore, farther attack is working on more specific restraints of the batteries. Table 2.4.1 ( Dinger & A ; Martin, 2010 )Safety:Most of import factor for EV batteries is the safety. Chemical reactions taking topographic point inside the batteries, while they are working or because of soaking consequences in high temperatures, which may ensue in fire. Table 2.4.1 shows, Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium ( NCA ) has least safety features, whereas Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt ( NMC ) and Lithium Manganese Spinel ( LMO ) have moderate safety features and, Lithium Titanate ( LTO ) and Lithium Iron Phosphate ( LFP ) have highest safety characters.Life Span:Life span can be considered in two ways one figure of times batteries being to the full charged and dispatch boulder clay it is degraded to 80 % of its to the full charged original capacity and 2nd figure of old ages battery can be used.Performance:Performance in instance of battery is fundamentally how good the battery will execute in different climatic conditions.Specific Energy:Specific Energy is capacity for hi ve awaying energy per kg of weight. Gasoline has about 100 times more than that of the batteries. Hence, specific energy can besides be make up one's minding factor for size and weight of the batteries. Higher specific energy can ensue in low weight and smaller size of the batteries.Specific Power:Specific Power is the sum of power delivered per kg of mass. Specific is less of import as compared to specific energy in electric vehicles.Cost:As for now, the Li ion battery packs has cost estimations is between ?700 to ?850 per KWh, but with addition in technological development and competition among different makers, the fabrication costs of the batteries may diminish. The mark shown by USABC is ?250 per KWh by 2020, but someway Nissan is already claiming of supplying battery battalions at same figures with Nissan Leaf. So cost factor is likely to toss off really shortly.Which is better?LTO and LFP do hold really less safety jobs, but when it comes to specific energy they fall behind. And NCA is cost effectual, with higher specific energy, specific power and life span, but lags really much behind in safety. LMO has all the factors average every bit compared to others and short life span. Therefore, sing the demands ( Table 2.1.1 ) , Characteristics Table ( Table 2.2.1 ) , QFD ( chart 2.3.1 ) and all the factors, NMC is the most suited Lithium ion battery engineering. They have moderate safety characteristics, but this can be overcome by utilizing proper battery shell, chilling system and temperature monitoring devices, in sensible cost scope ( Anderman, Fritz, & A ; MacArthur, 2000 ) ( Dinger & A ; Martin, 2010 ) ( Delucchi & A ; Lipman, 2001 ) .2.5 Battery Manufacturers:Before specifying our concluding battery specifications looking for Battery makers and battery constellations these makers have, is a good thought. Industries have their ain R & A ; D sectors, and they welcome the demands of the client. Below are some makers who can supply us with Lithium-ion bat teries for our Electric Vehicle.China:J & A ; A EEMB LT EnergyJapan:Automotive Energy Supply Corporation GS Yuasa Corporation ( Momentum Technologies LLC, 1995-2010 )2.6 Battery Specifications:Our choice process therefore, leads us to battery specifications which will carry through our demands. Table 2.6.1 shows our approximative battery specifications. This may alter in footings of size, weight and cost, or even chemical belongingss depending on the makers. Specific Energy 200Wh/kg Specific Power 550Wh/kg Cycles 1000 Rated Capacity 100-180 Ah Nominal Voltage 3.7 V Charging Time 3 to 6 hours and 30 mins for rapid bear downing Weight 90x67x220 ( millimeter ) Dimension 150kg approx Cost 250 to ?300 per kWh / ?7500 to ?9000 per battery battalion2.7 High Voltage Electrical Distribution System:Electrical Loads in an car can split into two classs – propulsion and non-propulsion. Propulsion burden chiefly consists of motor and/or generator and Non-propulsion tonss include warmers, lamps, power Windowss etc. Maximal power is required for the propulsion loads which can be up to 100KW. Table 2.7.1 gives an approximative thought for power distribution in our instance.ComponentsPower Input ( kilowatt )Electric Motor 80 HVAC 8 Non-propulsion tonss 3 Entire 91 Table 2.7.1 ( Automotive Handbook, 2007 ) The electric vehicle has power coachs at different electromotive forces runing from lower to higher values and can be every bit high as 300 Vs. Hence, proper power direction and distribution system will be adopted in order to run into the demands of our vehicle constituents ( Fig 2.7.2 ) . Generic Automotive Power/Energy Management and Distribution system ( Shen, Masrur, Garg, & A ; Monroe, 2003 )3.0 MOTORS AND POWER ELECTRONICS3.1 Working rule of motors ( Leitman & A ; Brant, 2009 ) : When electric potency is applied, the twists generate the magnetic Fieldss which cause the armature to revolve and thereby, generate power. The efficiency of the electric motor ranges from 85 to 98 % .3.2 Present twenty-four hours EV ‘s:Electron volt Type OF MOTOR RATED POWER RATED TORQUE Nissan foliage AC lasting magnet synchronal motor 80 kilowatt 280Nm Mitsubishi iMiev AC lasting magnet synchronal motor 47kW 180Nm Subaru Stella AC lasting magnet synchronal motor 47kW 185Nm Thinkcity 3-phase asynchronous 34kW 140Nm 3.3 Propulsion system design ( Larminie & A ; John, 2003 ) : Constraints Variables Maximum speed Rolling opposition Maximal per centum class Aerodynamic drag co-efficient Initial acceleration Wheel radius Rated speed on a given incline Vehicle mass Maximum gradability Percentage class3.4 Advantages of electric motors over IC engines:Full torsion at low velocities Instantaneous power evaluation is about 2 to 3 times the rated power of motor Excellent acceleration with a nominally rated motor 3.5 Types of motors ( Larminie & A ; John, 2003 ) : Motors are fundamentally categorized into DC motors and AC motors.3.51 DC motors:Extensively used boulder clay 1990 ‘s Has 2 sets of windings- stator and rotor The torsion is maintained by commutator coppices Weaving in the rotor is called armature and twist in stator is called field twistAdvantages:Ease of control due to one-dimensionality Capability for independent torsion and flux control Established fabrication engineeringDisadvantages:Brush wear that leads to high care Low upper limits velocity EMI due to commutator action Low power to burden ratio Low efficiency Larger size3.52 AC motors:Armature circuit is on stator which eliminates the demand for commutator and coppices Types: Synchronous – lasting magnet type, electromagnet type Asynchronous – squirrel coop, lesion rotor. 3.53 Permanent magnet type AC motors ( Hussain, 2003 ) : They use magnets to bring forth air-gap magnetic flux alternatively of field spirals. Types: Permanent magnet synchronal motors Sinusoidal brushless DC motor Trapezoidal or square moving ridge motor Advantages: Supply a loss-free excitement in a compact manner without complications of connexions to the external stationary electric circuits High power to burden ratio High torsion to inertia ratio Excellent field weakening features Disadvantages: Not economical Sensitive to temperature and lade fluctuations3.54 Switched reluctance motors:Doubly salient, singly aroused reluctance motor with independent stage twists on the stator. Generally stator and rotor are magnetic steel laminations with rotor holding no magnets or twists. Advantages: Simple and low cost machine building Wider changeless power part Bidirectional currents are non necessary, therefore lesser figure of power switches Most of the losingss appear in stator, which is easier to chill High torsion to inertia ratio Torque-speed features of the motor can be tailored as per demand Maximum allowable rotor temperature is high Disadvantages: Torque rippling and accoustic noise observed Particular convertor and higher terminal connexions required, therefore non economical. 3.55 Choice: Torsion to inertia ratio Power to burden ratio Field weakening Torque rippling Acoustic noise Peak torsion efficiency Monetary value and care cost I? motor definition standard DC motors 6 3 3 6 3 6 3 9 39 PM Synchronous motors 9 9 9 9 6 9 Hence it is better to integrate PM synchronal motor or Switched reluctance motor in the electric auto. After mentioning the above chart, its apparent that PM synchronal AC motors are more suited for moderate power demands. 3.6 Power electronics in electric auto ( Hussain, 2003 ) : Electric motor thrust converts stiff DC battery electromotive force to DC/ AC electromotive force with a RMS value and frequence that can be adjusted harmonizing to the control bid. Electric motor thrust: Its typically is a combination of, POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER + ASSOCIATED CONTROLLER Power electronic accountant: It is made up of solid province devices and grips flow of bulk power from the beginning to motor input terminuss. It functions as ON/OFF switch to change over fixed supply electromotive force into variable electromotive force and variable frequence supply. They constitute of high-power and rapid response semiconducting material devices. Drive accountant: It accepts bid and feedback signals, processes it and generates gate exchanging signals for the power devices of the convertor. It is made up of microprocessors and digital signal processors. Figure: Block diagram of motor thrust ( Hussain, 2003 ) Figure: DC-DC and DC-AC convertors ( Hussain, 2003 ) 3.61 Power electronic switches ( Hussain, 2003 ) : BJT: Bi-polar junction transistors have better power evaluations and first-class conduction, but their thrust circuit is complicated as they are current-driven. MOSFET: Metal oxide semiconducting material field consequence transistor has simpler drive circuits and higher shift frequence, but their upper limit available power evaluations are lesser than BJT. IGBT: Insulated gate bipolar transistor incorporates the advantaged of both BJT and MOSFET and are extensively used in modern twenty-four hours electric autos. SCR: Silicon controlled thyristor have higher power evaluations but requires a commuting circuit to exchange them Off. GTO: Gate turn-off SCR is a type of jury-rigged SCR that can be switched off through a gate signal but their current ingestion is typically 4 to 5 times the current required to exchange them on. MCT: MOS controlled thyristor combines the conductivity features of SCR and gating features of MOSFET. Diodes: They are two-terminal semiconducting material devices and are used in concurrence with other accountant devices. Their map is to barricade the contrary electromotive force flow and supply current way for inductive circuits. 3.7 A typical PM synchronal motor thrust construction: ( Hussain, 2003 )LIGHT WEIGHT STRUCTURES4.1 INTRODUCTION TO STEELSSheet steel has remained the chief stuff used for the building of the organic structure of a motor vehicle of all time since mass production began earlier this century. Steel is comparatively is inexpensive and can be economically formed to do parts with complicated forms and has a high grade of rigidness, higher clang impact opposition and high elastic modulus. In the recent yearss, aluminum metals have been extensively used for car constituents. The metal has aluminium as base metal with hints of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, manganese, Si, Ti and Zn added to it. The proportions are differed harmonizing to the demand of the terminal merchandise and these metals are about replacing the steels in car sector. The indispensable factors behind this development have been the demands to cut down fuel ingestion by cut downing the weight of auto and increased rider safety ( C.Dasarathy , 2010 ) .4.2 STEEL USED IN AUTOMOBILEA ­A ­A ­As sheet As forged subdivisions As wire merchandises Hot rolled sheet t=1.5-7.00mm for organic structure panels, closings, biw parts, sumps, fuel armored combat vehicles, fumes parts. Crank shafts, linking roads, axle parts, tie rods, valves. For tyre support, springs, etc For organic structure, under organic structure structural parts cold rolled -annealed -coated sheet=0.5-1.5mm4.3 ALUMINIUMAluminum is a metallic component, and its construction is similar to most other metals. It is ductile and malleable due to its polycrystalline construction. Aluminum is made of grains which interlock when the metal is cooled from molten. Each grain comprises of rows of atoms in ordered lattice agreement, giving each grain an isotropic construction. Although the different grains are slightly indiscriminately arranged with in grain boundaries organizing during the chilling procedure, the atoms within each crystal are usually aligned which makes the metal isotropic, like the single grains. ( Sam Davyson )4.4 ALLOYING ADDITIONS FOR AUTOMOBILESA little measure of other elements added to aluminium in order to modify its basic belongingss. They are chromium, Cu, Fe, Mg, manganese, Si, Ti and Zn. These elements can be grouped into those with high solid solubility and thos e with low solid solubility.4.5 PROPERTIES SPECIAL STEEL & A ; ALUMINIUM ALLOYSProperties Particular steel Aluminium metal Weight & A ; denseness Heavier in weight with denseness of 7.85gm/cu.cm Lighter in weight with denseness approx 1/3rdof that of steel. The denseness is about 2.72gm/cu.cm Elastic modulus & A ; flexing specific stiffness Elastic modulus of 210 Gpa longitudinal i.e. immature ‘s modulus which 3times more than that of aluminum. But flexing stiffness is more than aluminum which provide more advantage for utilizing in constructions like forepart clang tracks, b-pillars etc. Elastic modulus of 70 Gpa. It has got shock soaking up inclination so largely used in car bumpers. It is used as outer tegument surface in car it has greater specific bending stiffness for level merchandises. Thermal conduction Less thermic conductive than aluminum 3 times more thermic conductive than steel doing it a pick in heat exchange applications. Fatigue Fatigue public presentation of steel is more than twice that of aluminum. Steels such as DUAL PHASE 600 AND TRIP 600 have endurance bounds of 307 Mpa & A ; 336 Mpa severally. Structural aluminum class of 5XXX series does non make an endurance bound and go on degrading at higher rhythms. Aluminium grade 5052-0 ranges 124 Mpa at 500 million rhythms. Formability High formable scope than aluminum doing it suited for vehicles titling and overall fabrication hardiness. Formability is about 2/3rdof that of steel. Electrical conduction Nowhere near aluminium electrical music director in power transmittal. High electrical conduction for usage as lines, transformers, coach bars etc. Coefficient of reflection Lesser reflective than aluminum. Excellent reflector of radiant energy throughout full scope of wave lengths. Light reflecting capacity of over 80 % doing it suited for light fixtures. In roofing, it reflect high sum of Sun heat advancing cool inside ambiance in summer. Non-magnetism Steels in general are magnetic. Austenitic chromium steel steels are non magnetic with AISI 304LN, 316LN some steel classs possessing really low magnetic permeableness for usage in constructions near to sensitive electronic devices or medical equipment. It is extremely nonmagnetic and therefore happening extended usage for electrical shielding such as coach saloon, magnetic compass lodgings, computing machine phonograph record fabrication, parabolic aerial etc. High temperature opposition Steels like T-11, T-22, martens tic chromium steel and austenitic chromium steel steel like AISI 310 are extremely creep resistant with ability to defy distortion at high temperatures. Steels incorporating 8 % aluminum. Poor high temperature opposition Low temperature stamina Steels in general posses hapless low temperature stamina. Shows first-class stamina at low temperatures happening usage in infrigidation. Tensile strength Much higher than aluminum and its metals. Tensile strength of pure aluminum is really much lower but, the belongings can be improved by add-ons of Mn, Si, Cu & A ; Mg and through annealing aluminum metal has a tensile strength of 295 Mpa. Output strength Very much higher than aluminium metal The mechanical belongingss are improved by add-ons of Mn, Si, Cu, & A ; Mg and through annealing. Machinability Shows good machinability in high sulfur steels and lead bearing steels. Show first-class machinability Hardness Harder than aluminum denting inclination less than aluminum Lower hardness than steel. Muffling features Ability to rarefy air bone noise due to its immense mass over aluminum. Inability to rarefy air borne noise compared to steel Strain rate sensitiveness High strain rate sensitive exposing positive strain rate public presentation. Not strain rate medium and has hapless clang worthiness. Corrosion & A ; weather opposition Austenitic chromium steel steel like AISI 304 & A ; 316 shows first-class corrosion opposition. Shows good gal vanic, cavity and inter-granular corrosion opposition Good corrosion opposition and the rate of corrosion is 1/25thof high opposition steels. It is first-class conditions resistant. Non toxicity Austenitic chromium steel steels 300 series are known for their non -toxic nature. Tin home base steels are used for continuing nutrient, comestible oils etc. Highly non-toxic. Aluminium foil wrapping 500 foil of 0.007mm thickness is wholly impermeable. Aesthetic entreaty Excellent for austenitic chromium steel steels with low care costs. Attractive visual aspect with low care costs. Discoveries use in facing, hardware etc. Table 4.4.1 ( B.V.R Raja )4.6 CHASSISThere is batch of accomplishment and engineering behind the development and usage of honeycomb human body. The typical portion of aluminum tegument in honeycomb panel is good in certain countries. Honeycomb human body can take great important tonss on border. But this ca n't take much burden in 90 grades to that great extent. The design panel is immune to all conditions conditions although they are non designed to expose to atmosphere. The bonding between the honeycomb and the aluminum tegument is really strong to H2O resistant but the bonding is non H2O cogent evidence. So when planing the human body we must take effectual stairss to forestall to maintain route H2O and salts out off the panels and articulations to avoid corrosion and harm to human body. More proficient accomplishment is required while repairing the panels. To the specific demands, you needed to attach the panels without impacting their physical belongings. We ca n't concentrate o r sleep together the panels together for perfect bonding. ( Cliffbeer, 2007 )4.7 RACK AND PINION SYSTEMIn rack and pinion type, the cogwheel on the maneuvering column ‘s terminal is similar to the pinion cogwheel in the differential cut on an angle, and meshed with a steel saloon ( the rack ) toothed on one side. The rack is mounted parallel to the forepart axle and as the maneuvering wheel bends, it operates straight on the tie rods without the usage of a pitman arm, loafer or intermediate ( or relay ) rod. Adding a power aid to this type of guidance is rather simple. The power Piston is really portion of the rack, and the rack lodging Acts of the Apostless as the cylinder. The control valve is located in the pinion lodging. Rotation of the guidance shaft and pinion turns the valve to direct hydraulic force per unit area to either terminal of the rack Piston.4.8 MACPHERSON STRUT FRONT SUSPENSIONThe most widely used forepart suspension system in autos of European beginning.The system comprises of a strut-type spring and daze absorber jazz band, which pivots on a ball articulation on the individual, lower arm The prance itself is the supporting member in this assembly, with the spring and daze absorber simply executing their responsibility as oppose to really keeping the auto up.4.9 MULTI-LINK REAR SUSPENSIONThis is the latest embodiment of the dual wishing bone system. The basic rule of it is the same, but alternatively of solid upper and lower wishing bones, each ‘arm ‘ of the wishing bone is a separate point. These are joined at the top and underside of the spindle therefore organizing the wishing bone form. The super-weird thing about this is that as the spindle turns for maneuvering, it alters the geometry of the suspension by torquing all four suspension weaponries. ( Chris Longhurst, 1994-2004 )4.10 AERODYNAMICSAeromechanicss encompass all the air flows that base on balls over, around, and through a vehicle they can be subdivided in those impacting performance/ fuel ingestion, comfort, chilling, vehicle kineticss, directional stableness and perceptibility safety. ( Automotive Handbook, 2007 )4.11 PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONComponentMaterialHuman body Aluminum honeycomb Body Steel, Aluminium Exterior panels, Bumpers Aluminum, plastic Interior panels Plastic ( ABS, PVC ) Wheels Aluminum Front suspension MACPHERSON STRUT Rear suspension Multi-link5.0 Energy Recovery and SystemIn a Low Carbon Vehicle, the energy lost or used, if recovered, could do the system more efficient. In order to retrieve the energy, two types of system are applied. Solar Energy Panels Regenerative Braking System 5.1 Solar Energy Panels ( Darrell D. Ebbing, 2007 ) ( SPI, 2005-2010 ) ( Inventables, 2007 ) Solar energy is the largely available energy in the universe. Taking this into cognition, we introduce solar panels which convert solar energy into electric energy and are stored in the battery. There are two sort of solar panels used: – Transparent and flexible solar panels Plate type solar panels The Semi transparent and flexible solar panels will be placed on each Windowss of the vehicle. So that the both the side of solar panel can be utilised consequently and with the aid of the green house consequence, it helps in bear downing the battery from both the sides. The Plate type solar panels will be placed on the roof of the vehicle and for the use of maximal solar energy All the charges obtained from the solar panel will be stored in the battery utilizing a control unit. Power available 20W ( Plate type solar panels ) 10-14W ( Semi transparent and flexible solar panels ) Charging Time 6-8 hour ( 45 % – 60 % ) Nominal Voltage 12v ( approx. ) Maximal Power Voltage 17.5v ( approx. ) Maximal Power Current 1.1A ( approx. ) Open Circuit Voltage 21.0v ( approx. ) Short Circuit Current 1.3A ( approx. ) Cost 400 ( approx. ) Table 5.1.1 Specification of the solar panels used. ( navitron, 2004 ) 5.2 Regenerative Braking System ( Boxwell, 2010 ) ( Brain, 1998 ) Regenerative braking system is an alternate manner used to bring forth electrical energy from kinetic energy produced through braking. This energy is produced by the rearward rotary motion of the motor used in the vehicle. As vehicle go down the hill or into halting point by braking, the electronic circuit or accountant would do the motor rotate backward with the aid of the tyres and in this instance, the motor which rotates the wheel would move as a generator to bring forth the electricity. This charge produced will be stored in the battery utilizing a control unit. By this system, the energy lost would be recovered and stored, therefore increasing the efficiency of the vehicle ( Automotive constituents and parts, 2008 ) 6.0 Parasitic Losses ( Vehicle Technologies Program, 2009 ) Parasitic loss is chiefly known as the loss of the energy in the system. For electric autos, the parasitic loss is chiefly due to the air current opposition and retarding force, braking and turn overing opposition. It even includes the clash and wears in the vehicle, thermal ( heat ) loads, operation of subsidiary tonss ( air conditioning, warmers, infrigidation, etc. ) . ( Inventables, 2007 ) This parasitic loss can vastly impact the efficiency of the vehicle.Electrical ConsumerPower end productAverage power end productElectric motor Radio 80kW 20W 75kW 20W Side marker lamps Low beam ( lordotic beam ) License – home base lamp, tail lamps Indicator lamp, instruments Heated rear window Interior warming, fan Electrical radiator ventilator 8W 110W 30W 22W 200W 120W 120W 7W 90W 25W 20W 60W 50W 30W Windshield wiper Stop lamps Turn signal lamps Fog lamps Rear fog warning lamp 50W 42W 42W 110W 21W 10W 11W 5W 20W 2W Entire Installed electrical burden demands Average electrical burden demands 80,895W 75,350WTable 6.1 demoing the ingestion of constituents of an Electric vehicle( Automotive Handbook, 2007 ) Therefore the parasitic losingss occurred in the electrical constituents = 80,895-75,350=5,545W Hence there is an approximative parasitic loss of 5kW and more in this system.7.0 HVAC ( Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning )HVAC ( Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning ) is a engineering that deals with the indoor or automotive environment control with the rules of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Heat transportation. Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning are closely interrelated in order to supply a thermic comfort in the indoors. Since it is used to command the quality of air it is besides referred to as Climate control. HVAC is non merely of import in the design of medium to big industrial and office edifices and in marine environments but besides in cars such as autos and trucks where safe andA healthyA conditions are regulated with temperature and humidness. Since, HVAC systems account for so much electric energy usage, the efficiency of the system has to be improved through proper design, installing and scheduled care. HAVAC Systems perform conditioning the air in the undermentioned ways Removing and adding heat. Adding and taking wet. Volume of air flow. Speed of air flow. Removing Impurities in air. Fig 7.1 Ventilation System. ( National Research Council Canada ) Aim Supplying an acceptable degree of tenancy comfort Care of good air quality Minimum energy demands Minimal cost Proper air flow, heating and chilling.7.1 HVAC TYPESThe move to battery powered electric autos poses several challenges when it comes to climate control inside the vehicle. The enormously inefficient internal burning engine ‘s coolant system can easy be tapped for cabin warming are now gone while powering a 3 – 5 kilowatts air conditioning compressor in an EV consumes merely 200 wh/mile atA main road velocities. There are different types of HVACs used in Electric Vehicles.THERMOELECTRIC DEVICES FOR AIR CONDITIONINGThe thermoelectric HVAC will be optimised to supply the occupant comfort while cut downing fuel ingestion and nursery gas emanations. To maximise energy efficiency, the thermoelectric HVAC system will utilize a distributed warming or chilling design that targets single residents and reduces temperature conditioning to unoccupied rider seating. Tetrafluoroethane ( R-134a ) refrigerant gas is the most common working fluid in vehicular air conditioners since 1995. R-134a has 1300 times greater nursery gas impact than CO2. Car air conditioners leak 10 to 70 g/year. Thermoelectric HVAC systems significantly cut down adult male ‘s part to greenhouse gases while bettering fuel economic system. 7-8 billion gallons/year of fuel usage for automotive A/C. Approximately 6 % of our national responsibility fuel usage ( ELECTRIC VEHICLE NEWS, 2009 ) .Climate CONTROLLED SEATS ( CCS )This HVAC engineering heats and cools environing constructions such as the star, Windowss, flooring, and place dorsums. These systems consume between 3.5-5 KW. To cut down this burden, heating or chilling can be plumbed straight into the seats. These seats are called Climate Controlled Seats ( CCS ) . Since the place has direct contact with the resident it has much higher thermic conduction compared to air which is a hapless music director. With direct contact chilling or heating burden per individual could be reduced to less than 700 Watts compared to 5,000 W to heat/cool the full cabin ( Fairbanks, THERMOELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS FOR VEHICULAR APPLICATION, 2006 ) . Fig. 7.1.1 Climate Control Seats. ( Fairbanks, 2006 ) Fig 7.1.2 HVAC System in Electric Car. ( Electric VEHICLE NEWS, 2009 ) Advantage This program presents scenarios for increased usage of alternate fuels and vehicle engineering efficiency betterments in order to cut down power ingestion and nursery gas emanations. This system will show a lower limit of 33 % betterment in the energy consumed by a vehicle air conditioning system. ZT ( figure of virtue ) ~ 1 ; COP ~ 0.9-1.0 ; Distributed HVAC System ; P ~ 2 kilowatt ; Power Off Alternator Decreases ~ 0.8 mpg/vehicle ( 0.8/27.5 ~ 0.029 ) low Alternator Efficiency ZT ~ 2 ; COP ~ 2 ; Distributed HVAC System ; P ~ 1 KW ; Power Off Alternator Additions ~ 1.1 mpg/vehicle ( 1.1/27.5 ~ 0.04 ) Either ZT Case ; Power From Thermoelectric Generator Converting Engine Exhaust Heat to Electricity Additions ~ 3 mpg/vehicle ( 3/27.5 ~ 0.11 ) ( Fairbanks, THERMOELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS FOR VEHICULAR APPLICATION, 2006 )PELTIER EFFECT THERMOELECTRICPeltier faculties can be used to bring forth electricity, to supply air conditioning or they can be used to supply warming. In fact, Peltier faculties make it possible to construct various warming and chilling devices for applications that require an energy efficiency solution. Peltier faculties are thermoelectric ( TE ) devices that can be used to supply chilling or to bring forth electricity, depending on the application. The faculties work harmonizing to the Peltier/Seebeck consequence, which provides chilling by go throughing a current across two dissimilar stuffs, that ‘s on opposite sides of the device. The current flow causes one side of the device to go hot and the other to go really cold. A Peltier air conditioning solution can be built by configuring the Peltier faculties to accept a current, which will chill one side of the faculty and heat the other. In this constellation, Peltier faculties are frequently referred to as TEC or thermoelectric ice chests. The hot side of the Peltier faculty will necessitate a heat sink and a chilling fan to forestall overheating. The cool side of the Peltier faculty can so supply chilling by doing the Ac fan to blow air across them. The same faculties can besides supply warming by altering the way of the current flow. This will do the hot side to go cold and the cold side to go hot, which makes Peltier faculties an all unit of ammunition warming and air conditioning solution ( Fairbanks, CAR and Vehicle Technologies Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy US Department of Energy Washington, D.C ) .7.2 AUXILIARY POWER UNITAn Auxiliary Power Unit ( APU ) is used in the motor and electric vehicles in-order to supply energy for the vehicl e other than get downing up of engines. It is used for runing the power Windowss and Cabin light even before get downing up of engine. The traditional APU is powered by fuel, which is less efficient and causes more pollution than the emerging battery powered APU ‘s. Fuel cell APU is a typical type which uses fuel cell as a beginning of energy but involves no burning and so is clean and efficient.AUXILIARY POWER UNIT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESA battery electric vehicle has a comparatively little fuel cell subsidiary power unit ( APU ) to reload the battery battalion during driving. The attractive force of this constellation is the usage of a comparatively little battery battalion ( to let 65 – 110 kilometer of ZEV scope ) while increasing vehicle scope and functionality to be tantamount to conventional vehicles ( 400 – 650km ) . Another cardinal attractive force is that a bulk of kilometer could be expeditiously refueled from the grid leting low or zero CO2 power bring forthing engineering to be deployed in private transit without the tremendous cost and inefficiency of the H2 substructure ( Zizelman, 2000 ) . FUNCTIONS OF APU APU in a auto is responsible for and provides power to the Cooling system Heating system Generator/alternator system Air conditioning compressor SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL APU The combination of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ( SOFC ) APU and advanced Lithium Ion battery systems appears to do the fuel cell scope extender EV an attractive system in footings of efficiency, weight and cost. The add-on of the APU on the vehicle enhances the value of the vehicle to the electric grid by leting the vehicle to run as a back-up generator for the edifice next to which it is parked. Delphi has been making R & A ; D on fuel reforming and fuel cells since 1990. The SOFC plan began in 1999 with a customer-linked plan to develop a 3-5 kilowatt APU merchandise for luxury rider autos running on gasolene. The SOFC APU is a practical first measure for debut of fuel cells in transit. But its linkage to luxury maps ( like electric air conditioning ) alternatively of propulsion and its usage of conventional fuels, alternatively of direct H2, may do it look like a cautious first measure. However a assortment of future integrating schemes for combined rhythm SOFC/ICE, SOFC intercrossed vehicles and the SOFC/Li-Ion scope extender EV offer a broad spectrum of future â€Å" green † applications. In add-on, SOFC is capable of firing H2 or other renewable fuels really expeditiously. The SOFC system will inherently hold highly low emanations. No NOx will be formed in the reforming procedure and the post-combustor will run at temperatures where no NOx and hydrocarbons are fo rmed. But, the SOFC was assumed to accomplish a 40 % efficiency degree for the coevals of electricity ( ( Delphi ) , 2002 ) .8.0 Final Selection & A ; Remarks8.1 DFMEA:Design Failure Mode Effect Analysis is a systematic analysis of possible failure manners aimed at forestalling those failures. It is an intended preventative action procedure carried out before implementing new or alterations in merchandises or procedures. Table 8.1.1 shows Design Failure Mode Effect Analysis of our construct.8.2 Risk Appraisal:Battery detonation during clang and acerb spillage Passengers and people in the locality 8 Fire asphyxiator in auto, insularity Remote dismay, acerb spillage solidifier Light weight construction. Aluminium metal organic structure riders 9 airbags Fibre reinforced parts, impact bars, propinquity detectors HVAC working fluid spillage riders 6 none Fluid flow & A ; circuit ledgeman Less noise during gesture Pedestrians and bicyclers 5 Horns Proximity detector Electric dazes due to short circuits riders 7 Circuit ledgeman Electric insularity, daze preventer faculties8.3 Work Packages:Batteries, High Voltage Electrical Distribution Systems Shaikh Jameer Drive Motors, Power Electronics Manjunath T. R Lightweight Structures, Vehicle Dynamics Balakrishna Auxiliary Power Units, HVAC and System Cooling, Aerodynamic Performance Jagathish Energy Recovery and Storage, Parasitic Losses Antony Sunny8.4 Undertaking Plan Cost Report:Overview of the undertaking program Cost study is shown in Table 8.41 Specification Cost Battery Motor Chassis & A ; Body Energy Recovery System HVAC and Auxiliary Power Unit Assorted 9500 5000 2500 2000 4000 5000 9000 4550 2000 1450 3450 4500 500 450 500 550 550 500 Analysis 1200 1000 200 Testing of Components 1500 1200 300 Manufacturing & A ; Assembly 2000 1500 500 Testing 1200 1000 200 Table 8.41 Cost Report ( Hamster Internet, Inc. , 2011 ) ( Resciniti, Peshkess, & A ; Leonard, 2003 ) ( Cost Variance Stoplights, 2010 )Chart 8.4.2 Pie Chart of Baseline Cost8.5 Deliverables:Deliverables are the study, informations or even merchandises which are to be delivered. This is divided in two parts Internal Deliverable and External Deliverables. Internal Deliverables are things which are to be delivered within the people working on the undertaking and external deliverables are those which the people working in the undertaking deliver to the higher governments or users i.e. outside of the undertaking working environment. Table 8.5.1 and Table 8.5.2 show Internal and External deliverables related to our undertaking. Internal Deliverables: Name Description Undertaking and Development Planning Detailss This includes Individual Section Time program, Group Time Plan, QFD of the Undertaking. Weekly Reports Status of the undertaking Selection study This includes describe how a peculiar constituent was selected and/or implemented Required Specifications of the vehicle This includes the concluding specificationsExternal Deliverables:Whole Project Report Report on in what manner the undertaking will be carried out. Cost Estimates Cost Report of the undertaking Undertaking Requirement Details Requirements inside informations includes Machinery and/or Labour, Space required Final Concept and/or Prototypes Working paradigm or Final construct Complete Study of the Project tells about the feasibleness of the undertaking, which are strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Table 8.6.1 gives usage inside informations on feasibleness of our construct.9.0 Decision:Use of choice tools like Quality Function Deployment ( QFD ) helped in the construct development, and be aftering stage, including Fish Bone diagram, Concept Phase Gantt chart, and Gantt chart of Group Time Plan helped us in acquiring the concluding specifications of the construct vehicle. And therefore, the construct of the vehicle is developed with C decrease engineerings such as lithium ion batteries, and energy recovery methods which use of solar energy and regenerative braking system. SWOT analysis shows the strength, failing, chances and menaces of the construct and hence, doing the range of research and development much broader. Therefore, we have a ne'er stoping concatenation of construct development and planning, to develop more economic and eco-frie ndly vehicles.

BookBub For Authors The Ultimate Guide (+ Free Submission Calendar)

BookBub For Authors The Ultimate Guide (+ Free Submission Calendar) BookBub for Authors: Everything You Need to Know Whether you’re working on your first book, or have published dozens of them already, my guess is: you’ve probably heard of Bookbub, if not used it yourself as a reader. But I also bet you’re not familiar with all the features and opportunities that the platform offers to authors.In a publishing world increasingly dominated by Amazon, BookBub was able to emerge and establish itself as a company offering a solid marketing alternative to authors and publishers - and has allowed many of them to hit coveted bestseller lists through their Featured Deals.In this post, we’ll run you through everything you need to know, as an author, about BookBub, and how best you can leverage their different tools and services to propel your books in the rankings. In particular, we’ll look at:Featured Deals (and how to maximize your chances of landing one);Self-serve CPM/CPC ads;Bookbub’s â€Å"follow† features.But first, for those of you who’re not y et 100% familiar with their service, let’s start with the obvious question.What is BookBub?BookBub is a free service focused on helping readers discover new books that they'll like. BookBub is mostly known for their daily newsletters promoting a handpicked selection of "deals", i.e. books deeply discounted - or free - for a limited time. As a reader, you can also follow your favorite authors on BookBub and receive notifications when they have a new deal or release.BookBub has over 15 million readers signed up for their newsletters, across as many as 42 fiction and non-fiction genres. Their popularity offers a great opportunity for authors, as most of their â€Å"daily deals† newsletters generate hundreds or even thousands of sales for all the books featured in the newsletter - and tens of thousands of downloads in the case of free books. Learn how to get the most out of BookBub as an indie author. BookBub are highly selective of the books they feature in their newsletters, and being accepted for a Featured Deal has become somewhat of a â€Å"Holy Grail† for independent authors in the past few years. So let’s take a look at how you can achieve just that!How do Bookbub Featured Deals work?For every one of their 42 genre categories, BookBub sends daily and weekly emails to readers (subscribed to that genre) featuring discounted and/or free books. Getting a spot among those discounted/free books is what a Featured Deal is all about. But before we go into what it takes to achieve that, let’s talk money a bit.How much does a Featured Deal cost?First, something quite important: it doesn’t cost you anything to submit your title for a Featured Deal. You only pay if your deal is accepted. Now, when that happens, on top of the cost of the bottle of champagne you’ll open to celebrate it 🠍 ¾, you’ll have to pay BookBub for the feature.The cost of a Featured Deal depends on several factors:The price at which your book will be discounted (the more you discount, the cheaper the Deal);The BookBub genre category you submit your book in (and the expected performance of BookBub newsletters in this genre);Whether you’re getting a US Featured Deal or an International only one (US ones are much more expensive).You can view an updated list of all prices based on these factors here. How can you get your book into a BookBub Featured Deal? BookBub’s criteria for selecting books to featureBookBub’s official criteria to accept Featured Deal submissions are pretty clear. From their own website, your title should be:Free or discounted by at least 50%.The best deal available. The book can’t have been offered at a lower price anywhere in the past 90 days.Error free.A limited-time offer (except for free promotions, where they do accept permafree books).A full-length book, with a minimum number of pages:Novels: 150+ pages;Nonfiction: 100+ pages;Cookbooks: 70+ pagesMiddle Grade: 100+ pagesChildren’s picture books: 20+ pages.No novellas or short stories.Widely available, i.e. at least one major retailer in either the US or the UK. And the more, the merrier.Lastly, BookBub will not feature the same book from an indie author more than once every 6 months. Nor will they feature the same indie author more than once every 30 days. But more on that later†¦Now, these are the minimum requirements for a d eal to be submitted to BookBub. Meeting these requirements certainly doesn’t guarantee your deal will be accepted by their editorial team and featured in a newsletter - far from it. Which brings us to the following, million-dollar question†¦How can I maximize my chances of getting a Featured Deal?In recent years, BookBub Featured Deals have become harder and harder to get for indie authors. Some say that their editorial team favors deals from traditional publishers - though that has been formally denied by the company.One thing is sure: BookBub bases most of its decisions on data. After years of serving deals to millions of readers and watching how these readers react, they have a pretty good idea of what will work (or not) for their audience.BookBub’s selection process for Featured Deals also relies heavily on human curation. They have an editorial team for every genre, that goes through the submissions and handpicks the Deals to feature every day.With that in mind, let’s look at how you can boost your chances of getting that coveted Featured Deal. Here are our top nine tips:Tip #1: Subscribe to BookBub’s newsletters in your genreIf you want to get a Deal in a genre, the first step is to understand what BookBub’s curators in that genre are looking for. And you can get a glimpse of that by simply signing up (as a reader) to their newsletters in that genre. Check out the books they feature and analyze what they have in common (what do the covers look like, what are the price points, how many reviews do the books have, etc.).Tip #2: Make sure your book has an appropriate number of reviewsFrom BookBub’s blog:â€Å"Reader reviews and ratings help our editors get a sense of how readers have responded to your book, and they are a crucial element of the selection process. We recommend browsing through the books we’re featuring in your category to get a sense of what a competitive number of positive reviews is for that genre.†This goes back to our advice above: check out the kind of books they feature and see what their usual number of reviews is. There’s no sense in applying for a Featured Deal until you have a similar number of reviews.Note: for this reason, it’s highly unrealistic (read: a waste of time) to apply for a BookBub Featured Deal for a new release, as you won’t have any reviews to show for it when submitting it. For new releases, BookBub actually has a separate product you could try: Featured New Releases.Tip #3: Polish your product pages on all retailersWhat do BookBub’s curators look at when evaluating a deal? The same thing that readers will: the book’s information on retailer pages. Their goal is the same as yours: selling as many books as possible. So they want to make sure that the books they feature are optimized to drive sales.In particular, this means:The title has a professional cover that matches genre expectations (more on this here);The book’s blurb on retailer pages is optimized to hook and convert readers (more on this here)Optional: The book features editorial reviews or accolades from well-known publications or influencers.Tip #4: Be flexible with your promotion datesWhen applying for a Featured Deal, you can indicate whether you’re flexible with your chosen discount dates or not. Obviously, indicating your flexibility will increase your chances of getting that deal.Do note, however, that BookBub only schedules Featured Deals up to 30 days in advance. So if you apply for a flexible-dates Deal, make sure you’re ready to drop your price across all retailers if you’re accepted.Tip #5: Keep submitting (download our free Bookbub submission calendar)Even if you get all of the above right, and BookBub’s editors think your book would make for a great deal, they might end up declining it just because there are other, even more attractive deals that have been submitted a t the same time.In other words, your chances of getting that coveted Deal also depend on the competition. And the level of competition depends on timing.What’s the solution? Keep submitting! BookBub allows you to re-submit a book every 30 days. So if you have a big list of books, and you really want to get a deal, you can maximize your chances of landing one by continuously submitting every book you have on a 30-day rolling basis.Now, if a Deal is accepted, BookBub won't feature the same indie author for another 30 days, and the same book for another 6 months. So keeping track of when you can and cannot submit each book can quickly become a headache†¦ Which is why we're providing you with a free BookBub submissions calendar - originally created by indie author Nick Thacker - to help you get all your ducks in a row.🠦†ðŸ ¦â€ Ã°Å¸ ¦â€  Sign up here to download our BookBub submissions calendar for free. 🠦†ðŸ ¦â€ Ã°Å¸ ¦â€  Do you regularly submit to BookBub as a #selfpub author? You need to DL this calendar. Tip #6: Try different price points (including free)One of the company's main tips for authors is to keep trying. But of course, receiving constant rejection notifications can become a bit frustrating. So the following three tips will explore what you can change in your re-submissions to augment your chances of getting accepted.The first thing to try is changing the price point. Their’s goal is to offer the best deals possible to their audience. So the lower you can go in terms of price, the higher your chances of being accepted.Furthermore, if you’ve been trying to get a $0.99 Deal for months, without success, try applying for a free one instead!Tip #7: Go wideIf your book is in Kindle Unlimited, I have some bad news for you: it’ll be much, much harder to land a Featured Deal. Here’s why, in BookBub’s own terms:â€Å"When members sign up for BookBub, they opt into the retailers they want to see deals for. So if a book is available on all the major retailers - Amazon, Barnes Noble, Apple iBooks, Google Play, Kobo - more of our readers would be able to snatch it up, which makes the book more appealing to our editors. Between two books with equally competitive platforms and deal prices, the editors will always choose the book available on more retailers.†At Reedsy, we personally know authors who submitted KU books to BookBub over 50 times, without ever getting accepted. One of them, Craig Martelle, finally took one of his books wide, and finally managed to land a Featured Deal with it (albeit an international one). You can read his story on the 20Booksto50k Facebook group (well worth joining!).Tip #8: Submit for international deals firstWhen applying for a Deal, most authors focus on US-only deals. These are the most expensive but also the most rewarding in terms of sales and ranking boosts. But they’re also equally harder to get. So if all your attempts at landing a US deal are failing, try for an international one. Even though they’re less powerful, they can be great for boosting your international reach and presence on non-Amazon retailers.More importantly, there’s anecdotal evidence that once you get a Featured Deal, it’s easier to get another one. So going for free, international Deals is a way to get your foot in the door. And once that door is open, it might lead to paid, US-only Deals.Tip #9: If everything fails†¦ rebrand!If everything above is failing, then there’s probably something wrong with your book. Maybe BookBub editors don’t think it fits into one of their categories. Or maybe they think the cover doesn’t match the genre.This can often be the case for books that were published over 3-4 years ago. Genre expectations regarding covers can change quite drastically, so if you can’t get any Featured Deal for your old books, consider rebranding them. Not only will that boost your chances of getting a Deal, but it’ll also most likely boost your sales, as shown in our case study.How to make the most of a Bookbub Featured DealHurrah! Thanks to our tips, you managed to land a Featured Deal! First off, take a moment to congratulate yourself and celebrate - it’s a big deal. But right after that, start planning your promo period to make the most out of the deal. Here are a few things to consider:#1. Don’t discount your other books in the seriesThis is a common mistake for BookBub Featured Deal first-timers. You want to encourage readers finding your book through the Deal to buy your other books, so you discount those as well†¦But what happens is that BookBub readers are deal seekers. If they see that your other books in the series are at $0.99 as well, they’ll just go ahead and buy them all. Great, right?Well, not really. Because while you might be making a bit more of an instant profit, you’re effectively losing all these full-price sales that would have happened when th ese readers finished reading your discounted book and decided to buy your other ones, full-price. And if you're wondering, yes, BookBub readers do also buy books full-price. Here are the official stats.#2. Run the promo over a longer periodAlmost everyone who ran a Featured Deal is unanimous about this: you’ll get better results if you keep your discount for a longer period than the minimum days required by the service. The reason for that is that Amazon’s algorithms (represented by a friendly emoji below) largely reward plateaus over spikes.If you raise your price right after the BookBub Deal, your sales will abruptly stop. If you keep the discount, they’ll still take a dip, but it won’t be as bad, which will help you maintain a high rank on bestseller lists, and have Amazon take over the marketing for you.If you’re in Kindle Unlimited and manage to get a Featured Deal (congrats, you’re a unicorn 🠦„), then running the discount for lo nger is all the more important to make sure you climb the popularity list and trigger a subsequent wave of page reads - learn how that works in this Reedsy Live with David Gaughran.#3. To stack or not to stack?The practice of â€Å"stacking† ads is that of buying several placements on other book promotion newsletters on top of the BookBub Feature. The goal here is still the same: achieving a plateau, or an upwards trend, rather than a spike.There has been a lot of discussion on ad stacking around Featured Deals in the author community, and the consensus seems to be that:Ad stacking can work for paid Featured Deals;Ad stacking is a waste of money for free Deals.The reason why stacking can be a waste of money for free is that free readers will often sign up to as many promo sites as possible to receive free book alerts. So by advertising your free book on several sites and newsletters, you’re effectively paying more to reach the same readers.#4. Run other ads on the sid eNow, while stacking promo newsletter ads might be a waste of money, this doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try to run ads on your own. Both Facebook and Amazon ads will earn you a lot more sales/downloads if your book is discounted/free.You can learn how to create your first ads on Facebook and Amazon through our free Reedsy Learning courses:Facebook ads for authorsAmazon ads for authorsBut there’s a third self-serve advertising platform that will work even better to move discounted/free copies. And surprise, surprise†¦ it’s BookBub’s!â€Å"Wait, what? Isn’t BookBub what I’ve been reading about for the past 10 minutes?†Yes, but there’s more to it (keep reading)!Bookbub self-serve CPM/CPC adsWhile it’s getting more and more difficult for indie authors to get a BookBub Featured Deal, it’s actually very easy for anyone to get their book in their newsletters. How? Through their self-serve ads. Are BookBub's CPC and CPM ads worth the time and money? How do BookBub self-serve ads work?A few years ago, the company launched â€Å"BookBub Ads,† an advertising platform that lets authors and publishers place image ads in their newsletters (and on their website).To give you a better idea of what that looks like, here’s a typical BookBub newsletter.Notice that â€Å"follow† button? Readers who come across your books (e.g. in Featured Deals) are prompted by BookBub to â€Å"follow† your profile. They’ll also be able to find you in their â€Å"Discover† section:Now, the reason why followers are valuable is that BookBub sends an automatic â€Å"New Release Alert† to all your followers when you release a new book. So if you have 5,000 followers on there, that’s 5,000 release emails that BookBub will send for you, for free. You can learn more about how these alerts work here.And that’s it! If you read this far, you now know pretty much everything you need to know about BookBub an d how to best use their tools to your advantage.If you’ve had a Featured Deal in the past, or used their self-serve ads platform, don’t hesitate to share your advice and experiences in the comments below!